copying

A transcript, double, imitation, or reproduction of an original writing, painting, instrument, or the like. Under best evidence rule, a copy may not be introduced until original is accounted for. Certified copies are admissible under statutes in most jurisdictions. Similarly, photographic copies and prints from photographic films are admissible by statute. Copies of all pleadings, motions and other papers must be served on all parties to action under Fed.R. Civil P. 5(b).

Admissions concerning the genuineness of copies of documents are governed by Fed.R. Civil P. 36(a).

A duplicate is admissible in evidence to the same extent as an original unless

(1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original or

(2) in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original. Fed.Evid.R. 1003.

In copyright law, "copying" of a literary work consists in exact or substantial reproduction of the original, using original as a model as distinguished from an independent production of same thing, and a "copy" is that which comes so near to original as to give every person seeing it the idea created by original and must be such that ordinary observation would cause it to be recognized as having been taken from the work of another. Turner v. Century House Pub. Co., 56 Misc.2d 1071, 290 N.Y.S.2d 637, 642.

See also authentication

- authentic copy

- conformed copy

- duplicate.

Examined copies are those which have been compared with the original or with an official record thereof